1483. Usurpation of Richard III; murder of the princes. See "MURDER OF
THE PRINCES IN THE TOWER," viii, 192.

Death of Louis XI; Charles VII, his son, succeeds to the French throne.

Renewal of the Union of Kalmar; Sweden and Norway acknowledge John I, but
Sweden retains Sten Stur as Protector.

Birth of Rabelais and Luther.

1485. Landing of the Earl of Richmond in England; Battle of Bosworth;
Richard III is slain; end of the Wars of the Roses and of the Plantagenet
dynasty; Henry VII (Richmond) inaugurates the Tudor dynasty. See "WARS OF
THE ROSES," viii, 72.

Matthias of Hungary captures Vienna; Emperor Frederick III expelled from
his hereditary dominions.

1486. Excited to revolt by the severities of the Inquisition, the
Aragonese put to death the chief inquisitor, Pedro Arbues.

Unconscious doubling of the southern extremity of Africa by Bartholomew
Diaz; he gives it the name of Cabo Tormentoso (Cape Stormy), afterward
called the Cape of Good Hope. See "THE SEA ROUTE TO INDIA," viii, 299.

1488. Battle of Sauchie Burn; James III of Scotland defeated and slain by
his rebellious nobles.

Citizens of Bruges capture and imprison, for four months, Maximilian,
King of the Romans.

1489. Bartholomew, brother of Christopher Columbus, tries to arouse
maritime enterprise in England.

1490. Ferdinand and Isabella conquer Granada. See "CONQUEST OF GRANADA,"
viii, 202.

Death of Matthias Corvinus; Ladislaus II, King of Bohemia, is elected
king of the Hungarians.

1491. Charles VIII of France sends back to her father his affianced
bride, Margaret; compels Anne of Brittany to break her engagement to
Maximilian and marries her himself, thus uniting Brittany and France.

1492. Imposture of Perkin Warbeck in England. See "CONSPIRACY, REBELLION,
AND EXECUTION OF PERKIN WARBECK," viii, 250. Expulsion of Jews from the
Spanish dominions; this great exodus, hundreds of thousands in all, of
a commercial hard-working race caused enormous injury to the land so
depopulated.

Columbus discovers the Bahamas, Cuba, and Haiti. See "COLUMBUS DISCOVERS
AMERICA," viii, 224.

1493. Death of Emperor Frederick IV; his son, Maximilian succeeds, the
first to take the title Emperor of Germany without being crowned at Rome.

Leaving a garrison in Espanola, Columbus returns to Spain. He starts on
his second voyage; discovers Porto Rico.

A papal bull grants to Spain the new world discovered by Columbus, and
defines the rights of S