through Germany and
other parts of Europe convinced her that the Nazis were the greater
threat to freedom and must be fought without let. Late in 1933 she
returned to Canada and addressed large audiences on such topics as
"Hitler and His Cohorts," "Germany's Tragedy," and "The Collapse of
German Culture." With Cassandra-like foresight she argued that England
and Germany's neighbors were blind to the danger confronting them and
that if the Nazis were not ousted from power they would destroy
civilization.

In January 1934 she was granted permission to visit the United States
for ninety days. Friends arranged for a two-month lecture tour. Her
audiences were large, though a good percentage came more out of
curiosity than to pay homage to her anarchist leadership. Some hotels
refused to admit her, and detectives and policemen were as conspicuous
within the halls as in former times. Communists heckled her, but there
was comparatively little of the excitement and defiance of her previous
"tours of agitation." In truth neither Emma nor her hearers bothered
much about the doctrine of anarchism. The immediate menace had become
not the capitalistic state but fascist authoritarianism (to Emma,
Bolshevism was "only left-wing fascism"); and she attacked it not as the
apostolic anarchist but as the passionate libertarian. The end of April
came all too soon, and again she had to depart from the land in which
she had spent her best years. Nor did the fact that she was an old woman
without roots elsewhere make leavetaking any easier.

The following year she sojourned in Canada, lecturing, writing, hoping
in vain for readmission to the United States. In the spring of 1935 she
went to France. Berkman was already there, and the two old friends again
saw much of each other. The day after her sixty-seventh birthday their
lifelong intimacy was abruptly ended by his suicide; he had been ill for
some time and characteristically preferred death to a wretched old age.
The tragic event oppressed her grievously.

The Spanish Civil War, beginning shortly after, provided her with
much-needed distraction. With energies renewed she at once went to
Spain. Her previous friendly association with Spanish anarchists made
her a welcome addition to their ranks. For the next two years she
devoted herself to bolstering the cause of the Loyalists. Since
England's sympathy was of crucial importance, she went to London to work
in behalf of the Spanish governmen