ountry up to the leisure-class requirements in the higher learning. The
adoption of the cap and gown is one of the striking atavistic features
of modern college life, and at the same time it marks the fact that
these colleges have definitely become leisure-class establishments,
either in actual achievement or in aspiration.

As further evidence of the close relation between the educational system
and the cultural standards of the community, it may be remarked that
there is some tendency latterly to substitute the captain of industry in
place of the priest, as the head of seminaries of the higher learning.
The substitution is by no means complete or unequivocal. Those heads of
institutions are best accepted who combine the sacerdotal office with
a high degree of pecuniary efficiency. There is a similar but less
pronounced tendency to intrust the work of instruction in the higher
learning to men of some pecuniary qualification. Administrative ability
and skill in advertising the enterprise count for rather more than
they once did, as qualifications for the work of teaching. This applies
especially in those sciences that have most to do with the everyday
facts of life, and it is particularly true of schools in the
economically single-minded communities. This partial substitution of
pecuniary for sacerdotal efficiency is a concomitant of the modern
transition from conspicuous leisure to conspicuous consumption, as
the chief means of reputability. The correlation of the two facts is
probably clear without further elaboration.

The attitude of the schools and of the learned class towards the
education of women serves to show in what manner and to what extent
learning has departed from its ancient station of priestly and
leisure-class prerogatives, and it indicates also what approach has
been made by the truly learned to the modern, economic or industrial,
matter-of-fact standpoint. The higher schools and the learned
professions were until recently tabu to the women. These establishments
were from the outset, and have in great measure continued to be, devoted
to the education of the priestly and leisure classes.

The women, as has been shown elsewhere, were the original subservient
class, and to some extent, especially so far as regards their nominal
or ceremonial position, they have remained in that relation down to the
present. There has prevailed a strong sense that the admission of
women to the privileges of the higher l