ed by Popie, and used on the Garonne at Agen,
appears to be a modification of the old bag and spoon arrangement. A
flat-bottomed boat 51-1/2 ft. long by 6-1/2 ft. wide was fitted at the
bow with paddles, which were actuated by the tide. Connected with the
paddles was a long chain, passing over a pulley on uprights and under
a roller, and a beam was attached to the chain 14 ft. 8 in. long,
passing through a hole in the deck. At the end of the beam was an iron
scoop 2 ft. wide and 2 ft. 6 in. deep. When the tide was strong enough
it drew the scoop along by means of the paddles and chains, and the
scoop when filled was opened by a lever and discharged. About 65 cub.
yds. of gravel could be raised by the apparatus in 12 hours. When the
tide failed the apparatus was worked by men.

The Danube Steam Navigation Co. removed the shingle in the shallow
parts of the river by means of a triangular rake with wrought-iron
sides 18 ft. long, and fitted with 34 teeth of chilled cast iron 12
in. deep. This rake was hung from the bow of a steamer 180 ft. long by
21 ft. beam, and dragged across the shallows, increasing the depth of
water in one instance from 5 ft. 6 in. to 9 ft., after passing over
the bank 355 times.

A combination of a harrow and high pressure water jets, arranged by B.
Tydeman, was found very efficacious in removing a large quantity of
mud which accumulated in the Tilbury Dock basin, which has an area of
about 17 acres, with a depth of 26 ft. at low-water spring tides. In
the first instance chain harrows merely were used, but the addition of
the water jets added materially to the success of the operation. The
system accomplished in six tides more than was done in twelve tides
without the water jets which worked at about 80 lb pressure per sq.
in. at the bottom of the dock.

Ive's excavator consists of a long weighted spear, with a sort of
spade at the end of it. The spade is hinged at the top, and is capable
of being turned at right angles to the spear by a chain attached to
the end of the spear. The spade is driven into the ground, and after
releasing the catch which holds it in position during its descent, it
is drawn up at right angles to the spear by the chain, carrying the
material with it. Milroy's excavator is similar, but instead of having
only one spade it generally has eight, united to the periphery of an
octagonal iron frame fixed to a