eligion." The city had been put in an efficient state of
defence by the marquess of Ormonde, then lord-lieutenant; but in the
following year, to prevent it falling into the hands of the Irish, he
surrendered it on conditions to Colonel Jones, commander of the
Parliamentary forces. In 1649 Ormonde was totally defeated at the battle
of Baggotrath, near Old Rathmines, in an attempt to recover possession.
The same year Cromwell landed in Dublin, as commander-in-chief under the
parliament, with 9000 foot and 4000 horse, and proceeded thence on his
career of conquest.

When James II. landed in Ireland in 1689 to assert his right to the
British throne, he held a parliament in Dublin, which passed acts of
attainder against upwards of 3000 Protestants. The governor of the city,
Colonel Luttrell, at the same time issued a proclamation ordering all
Protestants not housekeepers, excepting those following some trade, to
depart from the city within 24 hours, under pain of death or
imprisonment, and in various ways restricting those who were allowed to
remain. In the hope of relieving his financial difficulties, the king
erected a mint, where money was coined of the "worst kind of old brass,
guns and the refuse of metals, melted down together," of the nominal
value of L1,568,800, with which his troops were paid, and tradesmen were
compelled to receive it under penalty of being hanged in case of
refusal. Under these regulations the entire coinage was put into
circulation. After his defeat at the battle of the Boyne, James returned
to Dublin, but left it again before daybreak the next day; and William
III. advancing by slow marches, on his arrival encamped at Finglas, with
upwards of 30,000 men, and the following day proceeded in state to St
Patrick's cathedral to return thanks for his victory.

In 1783 a convention of delegates from all the volunteer corps in
Ireland assembled in Dublin for the purpose of procuring a reform in
parliament; but the House of Commons refused to entertain the
proposition, and the convention separated without coming to any
practical result. In May 1798 the breaking out of a conspiracy planned
by the United Irishmen to seize the city was prevented by the capture of
Lord Edward Fitzgerald, son of the duke of Leinster and husband of the
celebrated "Pamela." Lord Edward died in prison of the wounds received
in the encounter which preceded his capture. In 1803 an insurrection
headed by Robert Emmett, a young bar