e recall
of Ambassador Gerard from Berlin.

The outstanding cases on which the United States called for an
adequate defense from Germany were:

The _Rowanmore_, British freighter, bound from Baltimore to Liverpool,
sunk off Cape Clear on October 25, 1916. Two Americans and five
Filipinos were on board. No lives were lost.

The _Marina_, a British horse carrier, bound from Glasgow to Newport
News, sunk without warning off the southwest coast of Ireland on
October 29, 1916. She carried a mixed crew of British and Americans.
Six Americans lost their lives.

The _Arabia_, a Peninsular and Oriental passenger liner, sunk in the
Mediterranean without warning on November 6, 1916. One American was on
board. No lives were lost.

The _Columbian_, an American steamer, sunk off the Spanish coast on
November 8, 1916, after being held up for two days under surveillance
by the submarine during a storm.

Germany charged that the _Rowanmore_ attempted to escape on being
ordered to stop. Her steering gear was shot away after an hour's
chase, when the captain hove to and lifeboats were lowered. The crew
complained that the submarine shelled the boats after they had cleared
the ship. This the commander denied. The flight of the _Rowanmore_
appeared to deprive her of the consideration due to an unresisting
vessel under cruiser warfare.

The _Marina_ carried a defensive gun, as did the _Arabia_. This fact
alone, Germany contended, entitled her submarines to sink both vessels
without warning, in addition to the commander's belief in each case
that the vessel was a transport in the service of the British
admiralty. The American Government was satisfied that neither vessel
was engaged in transport service on the voyage in question. In the
_Arabia's_ case, 450 passengers were on board, including women and
children, who were only saved because the Administration had already
held that the gun's presence on a vessel did not deprive her of the
right to proper warning before being sunk. Germany admitted liability
for sinking the _Columbian_ and agreed to pay for the value of the
vessel and the contraband cargo she carried.

The _Marina_ case stood out, in the view of the State Department, as a
"clear-cut" violation of Germany's pledges to the United States. Her
gun was not used, and no opportunity was afforded for using it. The
"presumption" on the part of a German submarine commander that a
vessel was a transport was a favorite defense of