s that investigated the scandal
(42d Congress, 2d Session, House Report no. 77). J.W. Million, _State
Aid to Railways in Missouri_ (1896), gives a good view of railroad
promotion schemes. F. Carter, _When Railroads were New_ (1909), is a
popular summary. In J.R. Commons (ed.), _Documentary History of American
Industrial Society_ (10 vols., 1910-), are various documents relating to
the Grange, which organization received its classic treatment in E.W.
Martin, _History of the Granger Movement_ (1874; his illustrations
should be compared with those in J.H. Beadle, _Our Undeveloped West_, in
which some of them had originally appeared in 1873). There are numerous
economic discussions of the Grange in the periodicals, which may be
found through Poole's Indexes, the best work having been done by S.J.
Buck. The _Chapters of Erie_ (1869), by C.F. Adams, is a valuable
picture of railroad ethics. Much light is thrown upon financial matters
by the Annual Reports of the Secretary of the Treasury and J.D.
Richardson (ed.), _Messages and Papers of the Presidents_ (10 vols.).

CHAPTER V

THE HAYES ADMINISTRATION

The reelection of Grant in 1872 was almost automatic. No new issue had
forced itself into politics to stir up the old party fires or light new
ones. The old issues had begun to lose their force. Men ceased to
respond when told that the Union was in danger; they questioned or
ignored the statement. Many of them contradicted it and voted for
Greeley in 1872, but they were impelled to this by repulsion from
Republican practice rather than by attraction to Democratic promise.
Yet, on the whole, the habit of voting the Union or Republican ticket
retained its hold on so many in the North that Grant's second term was
insured, and it was even possible that a Republican successor might
profit by the same political inertia.

The second term (1873-77) added no strength to Grant or to his party.
Throughout its course, administrative scandals continued to come to
light, striking at times dangerously near the President, but failing to
injure him other than in his repute for judgment. The period was one of
financial depression and discouragement. The best intellect of the
United States was directed into business, the professions, and
educational administration. Politics was generally left to the men who
had already controlled it, and these were the men who had risen into
prominence in the period of the Civil War.

THE POLITICAL