nave roof. This work is, of course, invisible from the ground
level, but can be reached from the stair in the south transept. A repair
of the organ has also been provided for, and new glass has been inserted
in the large south window of the Lady Chapel, in memory of Bishop
Thorold.

[Illustration: MONUMENT TO BISHOP ETHELMAR.
(From Carter's "Ancient Architecture of England.")]

CHAPTER II

THE CATHEDRAL BUILDING AND CLOSE

Before any detailed consideration of the architecture of the cathedral,
it is well to be clear as to the various dates of the chief parts. But
it must here be remembered that practically in every instance the now
existing portions replaced still earlier structures on the same site.
Mention has been made already of the changes from the original building
to the one commenced in the eleventh century. In 1079 Bishop Walkelin
laid the foundations of a great Norman church, of which the transepts,
the outer face of the south nave wall, the core of the nave itself, the
crypts, and a portion of the base of the west front are still existing.
Walkelin's work was completed in fourteen years, just before the end of
1093. The tower fell in 1107, but was rebuilt soon afterwards in the
form which we now see it. Bishop de Lucy's work, which came next in date
(1189-1204), includes the Chapel of the Guardian Angels, flanking the
Lady Chapel, at the north-east end of the cathedral, and the
corresponding chapel on the south-east, which afterwards became the
chantry of Bishop Langton. The piers of the presbytery probably date
from about 1320. The west front was rebuilt in Edingdon's time
(1345-1366), and a small part of the reconstruction of the nave, the
first two bays of the north aisle, and a bay of the south are generally
attributed to him. The great re-modelling of the nave, the outer walls
of the presbytery, and the continuation of the Lady Chapel range in date
of completion from the end of the fourteenth to the sixteenth century.
So much, however, of each period has been altered, and often modified
almost beyond recognition by later additions, that it is impossible to
make more than a rough guess at the age of the various portions. The
work of Wykeham and his successors is so important that it must be left
until we reach it in its proper place.

The ground covered by the actual building is one and a half acres in
extent. The close is fine and extensive, and is surrounded by a high and
stout wall which