r respective wards. In some boroughs,
fines for infractions of these regulations were split between the
guild and the government.

In some towns, the merchant guilds attempted to directly regulate
the craft guilds. Crafts fought each other. There was a street
battle with much bloodshed between the goldsmiths and the
parmenters and between the tailors and the cordwainers in 1267 in
London. There was also a major fight between the goldsmiths and
the tailors in 1268. The Parish Clerks' Company was chartered in
1233.

The citizens of London had a common seal for the city. London
merchants traveled throughout the nation with goods to sell exempt
from tolls. Most of the London aldermen were woolmongers,
vintners, skinners, and grocers by turns or carried on all these
branches of commerce at once. Jews were allowed to make loans with
interest up to 2d. a week for 20s. lent. There are three inns in
London. Inns typically had narrow facades, large courtyards,
lodging and refreshment for the well-off, warehousing and
marketing facilities for merchants, and stabling and repairs for
wagons. Caregiving infirmaries such as "Bethlehem Hospital" were
established in London. One was a lunatic infirmary founded by the
sheriff of London. Only tiles were used for roofing in London,
because wood shingles were fire hazards and fires in London had
been frequent. Some areas near London are disclaimed by the king
to be royal forest land, so all citizens could hunt there and till
their land there without interference by the royal foresters. The
Sheriff's court in London lost its old importance and handled
mainly trespass and debt cases, while important cases went to the
Hustings, which was presided over by the Mayor with the sheriffs
and aldermen in attendance. From the early 1200s, the Mayor's
Court took on the work which the weekly Husting could not manage.
This consisted mostly of assault and robbery cases. Murder and
manslaughter cases were left to the royal courts.

London aldermen were elected by the citizens of their respective
wards in wardmotes, in which was also arranged the watch,
protection against fire, and probably also assessment of the taxes
within the ward. There was much effort by the commoners to
influence the governance of the city. In 1261 they forced their
way into the townmote and by this brute show of strength, which
threatened riot, they made their own candidate mayor. Subsequent
elections were tumultuous.

The To