the highest naval commands
without a regular naval training, and who were at once flag officers on
the sea and colonels of infantry on shore. [481]

The regular army was the largest that any King of England had ever
commanded, and was rapidly augmented. New companies were incorporated
with the existing regiments. Commissions for the raising of fresh
regiments were issued. Four thousand men were added to the English
establishment. Three thousand were sent for with all speed from Ireland.
As many more were ordered to march southward from Scotland. James
estimated the force with which he should be able to meet the invaders at
near forty thousand troops, exclusive of the militia. [482]

The navy and army were therefore far more than sufficient to repel a
Dutch invasion. But could the navy, could the army, be trusted? Would
not the trainbands flock by thousands to the standard of the deliverer?
The party which had, a few years before, drawn the sword for Monmouth
would undoubtedly be eager to welcome the Prince of Orange. And what had
become of the party which had, during seven and forty years, been the
bulwark of monarchy? Where were now those gallant gentlemen who had ever
been ready to shed their blood for the crown? Outraged and insulted,
driven from the bench of justice and deprived of all military command,
they saw the peril of their ungrateful Sovereign with undisguised
delight. Where were those priests and prelates who had, from ten
thousand pulpits, proclaimed the duty of obeying the anointed delegate
of God? Some of them had been imprisoned: some had been plundered: all
had been placed under the iron rule of the High Commission, and had been
in hourly fear lest some new freak of tyranny should deprive them of
their freeholds and leave them without a morsel of bread. That Churchmen
would even now so completely forget the doctrine which had been their
peculiar boast as to join in active resistance seemed incredible. But
could their oppressor expect to find among them the spirit which in the
preceding generation had triumphed over the armies of Essex and Waller,
and had yielded only after a desperate struggle to the genius and vigour
of Cromwell? The tyrant was overcome by fear. He ceased to repeat that
concession had always ruined princes, and sullenly owned that he must
stoop to court the Tories once more. [483] There is reason to believe
that Halifax was, at this time, invited to return to office, and that he
was