he author of the Epistle to the Hebrews, and many scholars since have
shared his view.

Jerome says that Apollos was so dissatisfied with the division at
Corinth, that he retired into Crete with Zenas, a doctor of the law;
and that the schism having been healed by Paul's letter to the
Corinthians, Apollos returned to the city, and became its bishop. Less
probable traditions assign to him the bishopric of Duras, or of
Iconium in Phrygia, or of Caesarea.

See the articles in the _Encyclopaedia Biblica_; Herzog-Hauck,
_Realencyklopadie_; _The Jewish Encyclopaedia_; Hastings' _Dictionary
of the Bible_; and cf. Weizsacker, _Das apostolische Zeitalter_; A.C.
McGiffert, _History of Christianity in the Apostolic Age_.

APOLLYON, the "foul fiend" who assaulted Christian on his pilgrimage
through the Valley of Humiliation in John Bunyan's great allegory. The
name (Gr. [Greek: Apollyon]), which means "destroyer" ([Greek:
apollyein], to destroy), is taken from Rev. ix. 11, where it represents
the Hebrew word _Abaddon_ (lit. "place of destruction," but here
personified). The identification with the Asmodeus (q.v.) of Tobit iii.
8 is erroneous.

APOLOGETICS, in theology, the systematic statement of the grounds which
Christians allege for belief in (at least) a _supernatural revelation_
and a _divine redemption_ (cf. e.g. Heb. i. 1-3). The majority of
apologists in the past have further believed in an _infallible Bible_;
but they admit this position can only be reached at a late stage in the
argument. We should note, however, that even a liberal orthodoxy, while
saying nothing about infallibility, is pledged to the _essential_
authority of the Bible; it cannot e.g. simply ignore the Old Testament
with F.E.D. Schleiermacher. Catholic apologetics must further give a
central position to _Church_ authority, which Roman Catholics explicitly
define as infallible; but this position too is debated in a late section
of their system. On the other hand, there may be a Christianity which
seeks to extricate the "spiritual" from the "supernatural" (Arnold
Toynbee, characterizing T.H. Green). It would only lead to confusion,
however, if we called this method "apologetic." Any _single_ effort in
apologetics may be termed "an apology." More elaborate contrasts have
been proposed between the two words, but are of little practical
importance.

I. _The Word itself._--In Greek, [Greek: apologia] is the defendant's
rep