els yield
a fixed oil, and an emulsion made with them is used medicinally.

115. CHRYSOPHYLLUM CAINITO.--The fruit of this plant is known in the
West Indies as the star apple, the interior of which, when cut
across, shows ten cells, and as many seeds disposed regularly
round the center, giving a star-like appearance, as stars are
generally represented in the most reliable almanacs. It receives
its botanic name from the golden silky color on the under side of
the leaves.

116. CICCA DISTICHA.--This Indian plant is cultivated in many parts
under the name of Otaheite gooseberry. The fruits resemble those
of a green gooseberry. They have an acid flavor; are used for
preserving or pickling, and eaten either in a raw state or cooked
in various ways.

117. CINCHONA CALISAYA.--The yellow bark of Bolivia. This is one of the
so-called Peruvian Bark trees. The discovery of the medicinal
value of this bark is a matter of fable and conjecture. The name
cinchona is derived from that of the wife of a viceroy of Peru,
who is said to have taken the drug from South America to Europe in
1639. Afterwards the Jesuits used it; hence it is sometimes called
Jesuit's bark. It was brought most particularly into notice when
Louis XIV of France purchased of Sir R. Talbor, an Englishman, his
heretofore secret remedy for intermittent fever, and made it
public.

There are various barks in commerce classified under the head of
Peruvian barks. Their great value depends upon the presence of
certain alkaloid substances called quinine, cinchonine, and
quinidine, which exist in the bark in combination with tannic and
other acids. Quinine is the most useful of these alkaloids, and
this is found in greatest quantities in Calisaya bark. The gray
bark of Huanuco is derived from _Cinchona micrantha_, which is
characterized by its yield of cinchonine, and the Loxa or Loja
barks are furnished in part by _Cinchona officinalis_, and are
especially rich in quinidine. There is some uncertainty about the
trees that produce the various kinds of bark. These trees grow in
the forests of Bolivia and Peru, at various elevations on the
mountains, but chiefly in sheltered mountain valleys, and all of
them at a considerable distance below the frost or snow line. They