nteer organizations arising under Grant and continuing
active to the present day have been effective molders of public opinion
along these lines.

The Boston Indian Citizenship Committee was organized in 1879, on the
occasion of the forcible removal of the Poncas to Indian Territory.
Chief Standing Bear and the Indian maiden Bright Eyes (Susette La
Flesche) visited many leading cities and told eloquently the story of
their wrongs. They were ultimately restored to their old home, largely
through the efforts of this group of influential men. The committee
then undertook to secure citizenship for Indians on the basis of
taxation, a principle that was denied by the Supreme Court; but a few
years later the same end was attained by the passage of the "Dawes
bill." Since then they have endeavored to secure honest allotments to
Indians, to prevent the sale of the best lands to whites at nominal
prices, and to obtain the dismissal of corrupt Indian agents and
inspectors.

The National Indian Association, composed chiefly of women, began work
with a memorial to Congress in 1879, and has continued it until now,
under the efficient leadership of Mrs. A. S. Quinton, Mrs. Sara T.
Kinney, and others. The missionary department has established fifty
pioneer missions in as many neglected tribes or tribal remnants, turning
them over ultimately, with their buildings and plant, to the mission
boards of the various Protestant denominations. The society has also
fostered native industries, being the mother of the Indian Industries
League; has loaned money to Indians for home-building; assisted in the
education of especially promising individuals; built and supported
hospitals, and done other valuable work. Its headquarters are in New
York City.

The Indian Rights Association was organized in Philadelphia, in 1882, at
the home of Mr. John Welsh. Mr. Herbert Welsh has been for many years
its leading spirit, and others who have done yeoman's service in the
cause are the late Professor Painter, Mr. Brosius, and Mr. Matthew K.
Sniffen. Its slogan was the same as that of the others: Education; Land
in Severalty; Citizenship! To all three of these bodies, as well as to
the Board of Indian Commissioners, belongs much credit for urging the
reforms which triumphed, in 1887, in the "Dawes bill," the Emancipation
Act of the Indian.

The Indian Rights Association maintains a representative in Washington
to cooperate with the Indian Bureau and to keep