o Greek propagandists.
He dealt the final blow at Paganism and denounced the Manicheans--of
whom we shall hear much later--and enacted severe laws against them.

The history of modern Bosnia begins in Justinian's reign. The Slavs
then began to threaten the Empire. Tribes began to drift across the
Danube and settle in groups already in the fifth century, but were
stopped for a while by the Huns and Ostrogoths, who swept over the
Peninsula and infested Illyria and Epirus.

"The departure of the Ostrogoths," says Bury, "was like the opening
of a sluice. The Slavs and Bulgars, whom their presence had held
back, were let loose on the Empire. . . . The havoc made by these
barbarians was so serious that Justinian made new lines of defence."
In 548 and 551 A.D. masses of Slavs ravaged the land. "The massacres
and cruelties committed by these barbarians," says Bury, "make the
readers of Procopius shudder." The readers of the Carnegie report of
1913 do likewise.

Among the fortresses built by Justinian was Singidunum, now
Belgrade, which, founded to hold back the Slav, is now his capital.
The invading Slavs were pagan, the natives largely Christian. "The
Christians," says Presbyter Diocleas, "seeing themselves in great
tribulation and persecution, began to gather on the mountains and
tried to construct castles and strongholds that they might escape
from the hands of the Slavs until God should visit and liberate
them." This is probably the origin of the Vlach settlements on
hill-tops and the Albanian mountain strongholds. "The year 581,"
says John of Ephesus, "was famous for the invasion of the accursed
Slavonians . . . who captured cities and forts, and devastated and
burnt, reducing the people to slavery, and made themselves masters
of the country and settled it by main force. Four years have elapsed
and still they live in the land . . . and ravage and burn." The
Romans and their civilization were swept coastward, and in Dalmatia
their civilization never quite died out. In later times the term
"Romanes" was used in a special sense to denote the Romans who
maintained their independence against the Slavs. Ragusa and Cattaro
are some of the towns they founded.

Of the native population many refuged in the Albanian mountains,
where they retained their language. Many doubtless remained and were
absorbed by the Slavs. Traces, however, of the Illyrian still remain
in Bosnia. Tattooing is still common there in many districts.
Tatt