n
opposition to them. I confess I was highly pleased with this proof
of the innate good sense, the vigilance, and the determination of the
people to act for themselves.

Among the laws of the late Congress, some were of note: a navigation
act, particularly, applicable to those nations only who have navigation
acts; pinching one of them especially, not only in the general way, but
in the intercourse with her foreign possessions. This part may re-act
on us, and it remains for trial which may bear longest. A law respecting
our conduct as a neutral between Spain and her contending colonies,
was passed by a majority of one only, I believe, and against the
very general sentiment of our country. It is thought to strain our
complaisance to Spain beyond her right or merit, and almost against the
right of the other party, and certainly against the claims they have to
our good wishes and neighborly relations. That we should wish to see
the people of other countries free, is as natural, and at least as
justifiable, as that one King should wish to see the Kings of other
countries maintained in their despotism. Right to both parties, innocent
favor to the juster cause, is our proper sentiment.

You will have learned that an act for internal improvement, after
passing both houses, was negatived by the President. The act was
founded, avowedly, on the principle that the phrase in the constitution,
which authorizes Congress 'to lay taxes, to pay the debts and provide
for the general welfare,' was an extension of the powers specifically
enumerated to whatever would promote the general welfare; and this,
you know, was the federal doctrine. Whereas, our tenet ever was,
and, indeed, it is almost the only land-mark which now divides the
federalists from the republicans, that Congress had not unlimited
powers to provide for the general welfare, but were restrained to those
specifically enumerated; and that, as it was never meant they should
provide for that welfare but by the exercise of the enumerated powers,
so it could not have been meant they should raise money for purposes
which the enumeration did not place under their action: consequently,
that the specification of powers is a limitation of the purposes for
which they may raise money. I think the passage and rejection of this
bill a fortunate incident. Every State will certainly concede the power;
and this will be a national confirmation of the grounds of appeal to
them, and will sett