current from the North sweeping over the
submerged area. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1852, p. 85.

[187] Daniell's Meteorological Essays, p. 103.

[188] Observed by J. Crawfurd, Esq.

[189] In speaking of the circulation of air and water in this
chapter, no allusion is made to the trade winds, or to
irregularities in the direction of currents, caused by the
rotary motion of the earth. These causes prevent the movements
from being direct from north to south, or from south to north,
but they do not affect the theory of a constant circulation.

[190] See Scoreby's Arctic Regions, vol. i. p. 378.

[191] Ibid. p. 320.

[192] This is shown by projecting a map on the horizon of
London, that is to say, by supposing the eye of the observer to
be placed above that city, and to see from thence one half of
the globe. For it so happens that from that point, and no
other, we should behold the greatest possible quantity of land;
and if we are then transferred to the opposite or antipodal
point, we should see the greatest possible quantity of water.
(See figs. 3 and 4.) A singular fact, first pointed out by Mr.
James Gardner, namely, that only one twenty-seventh part of the
dry land has any land opposite to it, is intimately connected
with this excess of land in one of the two hemispheres above
alluded to. Thus, in fig. 3, the land shaded black in part of
China answers to that portion of the extremity of South America
and Tierra del Fuego which is opposite or antipodal to it,
whilst the dark spots in the northern and central parts of
South America represent Borneo, Sumatra, and other antipodal
islands in the Eastern Archipelago. See Gardner, Geol. Soc.
Proceedings, 1833, vol. i. p. 488.

[193] Humboldt on Isothermal Lines

[194] Humboldt, Tableaux de la Nature, tom. i. p. 112.

[195] Ad. Brongniart, Consid. Ganarales sur la Nat. de la
Vagat. &c. Ann. des Sciences Nat., Nov. 1828.

[196] Sir J. Richardson, Proceedings of Geol. Soc. No. 7, p.
68, March, 1828.

[197] Ad. Brongniart, Consid. Ganarales sur la Nat. de la
Vagat. &c., Ann. des Sci. Nat., Nov. 1828.

[198] See a Memoir on the Alps, by Professor Sedgwick and Sir
Rod. Murchison, Trans. of Geol. Soc. second ser. vol. iii.
ac