city was confined
to the E. side of the river, but in that year Ohio City, which was
founded in 1807, later incorporated as the village of Brooklyn, and in
1836 chartered as a city (under the name Ohio City), was annexed. Other
annexations followed: East Cleveland in 1872, Newburg in 1873, West
Cleveland and Brooklyn in 1893, and Glenville and South Brooklyn in
1905. In recent history the most notable events not mentioned elsewhere
in this article were the elaborate celebration of the centennial of the
city in 1896 and the street railway strike of 1899, in which the workers
attempted to force a redress of grievances and a recognition of their
union. Mobs attacked the cars, and cars were blown up by dynamite. The
strikers were beaten, but certain abuses were corrected. There was a
less violent street car strike in 1908, after the assumption of control
by the Municipal Traction Company, which refused to raise wages
according to promises made (so the employees said) by the former owner
of the railway; the strikers were unsuccessful.

AUTHORITIES.--_Manual of the City Council_ (1879); _Annuals_ of the
Cleveland Chamber of Commerce (1894- ); E. M. Avery, _Cleveland in a
Nutshell: An Historical and Descriptive Ready-reference Book_
(Cleveland, 1893); James H. Kennedy, _A History of the City of
Cleveland_ (Cleveland, 1896); C. A. Urann, _Centennial History of
Cleveland_ (Cleveland, 1896); C. Whittlesey, _The Early History of
Cleveland_ (Cleveland, 1867); C. E. Bolton, _A Few Civic Problems of
Greater Cleveland_ (Cleveland, 1897); "Plan of School Administration,"
by S. P. Orth, in vol. xix. _Political Science Quarterly_ (New York,
1904); Charles Snavely, _A History of the City Government of
Cleveland_ (Baltimore, 1902); C. C. Williamson, _The Finances of
Cleveland_ (New York, 1907); "The Government of Cleveland, Ohio," by
Lincoln Steffens, in McClure's Magazine, vol. xxv. (New York, 1905);
and C. F. Thwing, "Cleveland, the Pleasant City," in Powell's
_Historic Towns of the Western States_ (New York, 1901).

CLEVER, an adjective implying dexterous activity of mind or body, and
ability to meet emergencies with readiness and adroitness. The etymology
and the early history of the word are obscure. The earliest instance
quoted by the _New English Dictionary_ is in the _Bestiary_ of _c._ 1200
(An Old English Miscellany, ed. R. Morris, 1872, E.E.T.S. 49)--"On the
clothed the neddre (adder) is cof