ed by Romulus, Livy i. 10.

[262] Dionys. Hal. ii. 34.

[263] _R.F._ p. 230.

[264] See De Marchi's careful investigation, _La
Religione_, _etc._, i. p. 156 foll.; Gaius i. 112. The
cult-title should indicate that the god was believed to
be immanent in the cake of _far_, rather than that it
was offered to him (so I should also take I. Dapalis,
though in later times the idea had passed into that of
sacrifice, Cato, _R.R._ 132), and if so, the use of the
cake was sacramental; cp. the rite at the Latin
festival, _R.F._ p. 96.

[265] There are distinct traces of a practice of taking
oaths in the open air, _i.e._ under the sky; of Dius
Fidius, unquestionably a form of Jupiter, Varro says
(_L.L._ v. 66), "quidam negant sub tecto per hunc
deiurare oportere." Cp. Plutarch, _Quaest. Rom._ 28;
_R.F._ p. 138. For the conception of a single great
deity as primitive, see Lang, _The Making of Religion_,
ch. xii.; Flinders Petrie, _Religion of Egypt_ (in
Constable's shilling series), ch. i.; Ross, _The
Original Religion of China_, p. 128 foll.; Warneck, _Die
Lebenskraefte des Evangeliums_, p. 20 (of the Indian
Archipelago). The last reference I owe to Professor
Paterson, of Edinburgh University.

[266] Serv. _Aen._ viii. 552, "more enim veteri sacrorum
neque Martialis flamen neque Quirinalis omnibus
caerimoniis tenebantur quibus flamen Dialis, neque
diurnis sacrificiis distinebatur." It is, however,
possible that under the word _caerimonia_ Servius is not
here including taboos, but active duties only.

[267] See my paper, "The Strange History of a Flamen
Dialis," in _Classical Review_, vol. vii. p. 193.

[268] Henzen, _Acta Fratr. Arv._ p. 26.

[269] Cato, _R.R._ 141; Henzen, _op. cit._ p. 48.

[270] Frazer, _G.B._ iii. 123, note 3; _R.F._ p. 40, for
further examples. It may be worth while to point out
here that the coupling of all farm animals except goats
took place in spring or early summer; Varro, _R.R._ ii.
2 foll. Isidorus (_Orig._ v. 33), who embodies Varro and
Verrius to some extent, derived the name Mars from
_mares_, because in the month of March "cuncta animalia
ad mares aguntur."

[271] I prefer, with De Marchi, to take Silvanus here as
a cult-title, though we do not meet with it elsewhere;
see _La Religione_, _etc._, p. 130 not