rom the best sources available, information
as to the most approved methods of working the various kinds of
steel now in commercial use. These include low carbon, high carbon
and alloy steels of various kinds, and from a variety of industries.
The automotive field has done much to develop not only new alloys but
efficient methods of working them and has been drawn on liberally
so as to show the best practice. The practice in government arsenals
on steels used in fire arms is also given.

While not intended as a treatise on steel making or metallurgy in
any sense, it has seemed best to include a little information as
to the making of different steels and to give considerable general
information which it is believed will be helpful to those who desire
to become familiar with the most modern methods of working steel.

It is with the hope that this volume, which has endeavored to give
due credit to all sources of information, may prove of value to
its readers and through them to the industry at large.

_July_, 1921.

THE AUTHORS.

CONTENTS

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER
I. STEEL MAKING
II. COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF STEELS
III. ALLOYS AND THEIR EFFECT UPON STEEL
IV. APPLICATION OF LIBERTY ENGINE MATERIALS TO THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
V. THE FORGING OF STEEL
VI. ANNEALING
VII. CASE-HARDENING OR SURFACE-CARBURIZING
VIII. HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL
IX. HARDENING CARBON STEEL FOR TOOLS
X. HIGH SPEED STEEL
XI. FURNACES
XII. PYROMETRY AND PYROMETERS

APPENDIX

INDEX

INTRODUCTION

THE ABC OF IRON AND STEEL

In spite of all that has been written about iron and steel there
are many hazy notions in the minds of many mechanics regarding
them. It is not always clear as to just what makes the difference
between iron and steel. We know that high-carbon steel makes a
better cutting tool than low-carbon steel. And yet carbon alone
does not make all the difference because we know that cast iron
has more carbon than tool steel and yet it does not make a good
cutting tool.

Pig iron or cast iron has from 3 to 5 per cent carbon, while good
tool steel rarely has more than 1-1/4 per cent of carbon, yet one
is soft and has a coarse grain, while the other has a fine grain
and can be hardened by heating and dipping in water. Most of the
carbon in cast iron is in a form like graphite, which is almost pure
carbon, and is therefore called graphitic carbon. The resemblance
can