s the following axioms:

"The value of a man equals his production minus his consumption."

"His economic success equals his acquisition minus his consumption."

"When his acquisition equals his production then his economic success
equals his value."

"It is the duty of the state to make each man's acquisition equal his
production. That is justice."

Of course, "production" is here used in a broad sense, to mean the real
social value of the services rendered, and not merely the present
exchange value of the services, or the goods produced.

[179] Kornhauser, A. W., "Economic Standing of Parents and the
Intelligence of their Children," _Jour. of Educ. Psychology_, Vol. IX.,
pp. 159-164, March, 1918.

[180] The coefficient of contingency is similar in significance to the
coefficient of correlation, with which readers have already become
familiar. Miss Perrin's study is in _Biometrika_, III (1904), pp.
467-469.

[181] "The Social Waste of Unguided Personal Ability." By Erville B.
Woods, _American Journal of Sociology_, XIX (1913), pp. 358-369.

[182] See also "Eugenics: With Special Reference to Intellect and
Character," by E. L. Thorndike. In _Eugenics: Twelve University
Lectures_, pp. 319-342, New York, 1914.

[183] See U. S. Department of Labor, Children's Bureau Publication, No.
7, "Laws Relating to Mothers' Pensions in the United States, Denmark and
New Zealand," Washington, 1914.

[184] _American Journal of Sociology_, Vol. XX, No. 1, pp. 96-103, July,
1914.

[185] According to Captain (now Lt. Col.) E. B. Vedder of the Medical
Corps, U. S. A., 50% of the Negroes of the class applying for enlistment
in the army are syphilitic. He believes that the amount of infection
among Negro women is about the same. (_Therapeutic Gazette_, May 15,
1916.) Venereal disease must, then, play a much more important part than
is generally supposed, in cutting down the birth-rate of the Negro race,
but it would of course be a mistake to suppose that an abnormally low
birth-rate among Negroes is always to be explained on this ground.
Professor Kelly Miller points out (_Scientific Monthly_, June, 1917)
that the birth-rate among college professors at Howard University, the
leading Negro institution for higher education, is only 0.7 of a child
and that the completed families will hardly have more than two children.
He attributes this to (1) the long period of education required of Negro
"intellectuals", (2) the high standard o