fog k book
j judge ch chat
v live f file
th them th myth
z buzz s sink
zh azure sh shine
w win wh when

REMARK.--These eighteen sounds make nine pairs of cognate sounds. In
articulating the aspirates, the vocal organs are put in the position as
required for the articulation of the corresponding subvocals; but the
breath is expelled with some force, without the utterance of any vocal
sound. Let the pupil verify this by experiment, and then practice on these
cognates.

The following sounds are not cognates.

SUB VOCALS.
Sound Example

l mill
m him
n tin
ng sing, think
r (rough) rule
r (smooth) car

ASPIRATE.

h, as in hat.

SUBSTITUTES.

Substitutes are characters used to represent sounds ordinarily represented
by other characters. The following table indicates nearly every form of
substitution used in the language: a few exceptional cases only are
omitted

TABLE OF SUBSTITUTES.

Sub For as in Sub For as in
a e any o oo to
a o what o oo would
c z suffice o u son
c s cite ph v Stephen
c k cap ph f sylph
ch k ache q k liquor
ch sh machine qu kw quote
d j soldier s sh sure
e i England s zh rasure
e a there s z rose
e a feint u e bury
ee i been u i busy
f v of u oo rude
g j cage u oo pull
gh f laugh x ks wax
gh k lough x ksh noxious
i e police x z Xerxes
i e thirst x gz examine
i y filial y e myrrh
n ng rink y i my
o u work y i hymn
o i women z s quartz
o a form

VOCALS.

Let the teacher utter each word, and then its vocal sound, an