o sense has a stronger power of suggestion."

Ribot has made an interesting investigation as to the prevalence
and nature of the emotional memory of odors (_Psychology of the
Emotions_, Chapter XI). By "emotional memory" is meant the
spontaneous or voluntary revivability of the image, olfactory or
other. (For the general question, see an article by F. Pillon,
"La Memoire Affective, son Importance Theorique et Pratique,"
_Revue Philosophique_, February, 1901; also Paulhan, "Sur la
Memoire Affective," _Revue Philosophique_, December, 1902 and
January, 1903.) Ribot found that 40 per cent. of persons are
unable to revive any such images of taste or smell; 48 per cent,
could revive some; 12 per cent, declared themselves capable of
reviving all, or nearly all, at pleasure. In some persons there
is no necessary accompanying revival of visual or tactile
representations, but in the majority the revived odor ultimately
excites a corresponding visual image. The odors most frequently
recalled were pinks, musk, violets, heliotrope, carbolic acid,
the smell of the country, of grass, etc. Pieron (_Revue
Philosophique_, December, 1902) has described the special power
possessed by vague odors, in his own case, of evoking ancient
impressions.

Dr. J.N. Mackenzie (_American Journal of the Medical Sciences_,
January, 1886) considers that civilization exerts an influence in
heightening or encouraging the influence of olfaction as it
affects our emotions and judgment, and that, in the same way, as
we ascend the social scale the more readily our minds are
influenced and perhaps perverted by impressions received through
the sense of smell.

Odors are powerful stimulants to the whole nervous system, causing, like
other stimulants, an increase of energy which, if excessive or prolonged,
leads to nervous exhaustion. Thus, it is well recognized in medicine that
the aromatics containing volatile oils (such as anise, cinnamon,
cardamoms, cloves, coriander, and peppermint) are antispasmodics and
anaesthetics, and that they stimulate digestion, circulation, and the
nervous system, in large doses producing depression. The carefully
arranged plethysmographic experiments of Shields, at the Johns Hopkins
University, have shown that olfactory sensations, by their action on the
vasomotor system, cause an increase of blood in the brain and sometimes