nd broadened by Herder and Geddes. Of these was De Wette,
whose various works, especially his Introduction to the Old Testament,
gave a new impulse early in the nineteenth century to fruitful thought
throughout Christendom. In these writings, while showing how largely
myths and legends had entered into the Hebrew sacred books, he threw
especial light into the books Deuteronomy and Chronicles. The former
he showed to be, in the main, a late priestly summary of law, and the
latter a very late priestly recast of early history. He had, indeed, to
pay a penalty for thus aiding the world in its march toward more truth,
for he was driven out of Germany, and obliged to take refuge in a
Swiss professorship; while Theodore Parker, who published an English
translation of his work, was, for this and similar sins, virtually
rejected by what claimed to be the most liberal of all Christian bodies
in the United States.

But contributions to the new thought continued from quarters whence
least was expected. Gesenius, by his Hebrew Grammar, and Ewald, by his
historical studies, greatly advanced it.

To them and to all like them during the middle years of the nineteenth
century was sturdily opposed the colossus of orthodoxy--Hengstenberg. In
him was combined the haughtiness of a Prussian drill-sergeant, the zeal
of a Spanish inquisitor, and the flippant brutality of a French orthodox
journalist. Behind him stood the gifted but erratic Frederick William
IV--a man admirably fitted for a professorship of aesthetics, but whom
an inscrutable fate had made King of Prussia. Both these rulers in the
German Israel arrayed all possible opposition against the great scholars
labouring in the new paths; but this opposition was vain: the succession
of acute and honest scholars continued: Vatke, Bleek, Reuss, Graf,
Kayser, Hupfeld, Delitzsch, Kuenen, and others wrought on in Germany and
Holland, steadily developing the new truth.

Especially to be mentioned among these is Hupfeld, who published in 1853
his treatise on The Sources of Genesis. Accepting the Conjectures which
Astruc had published just a hundred years before, he established what
has ever since been recognised by the leading biblical commentators as
the true basis of work upon the Pentateuch--the fact that THREE true
documents are combined in Genesis, each with its own characteristics.
He, too, had to pay a price for letting more light upon the world. A
determined attempt was made to punis