China 6.2%, US 5.6% (2003)

Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:
$4.962 billion (2003)

Debt - external:
$24.45 billion (2003 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$610 million in US assistance programs, 1992-2000 (2000)

Currency:
tenge (KZT)

Currency code:
KZT

Exchange rates:
tenge per US dollar - 149.576 (2003), 153.279 (2002), 146.736
(2001), 142.133 (2000), 119.523 (1999)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Kazakhstan

Telephones - main lines in use:
2,081,900 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1.027 million (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: service is poor; equipment antiquated
domestic: intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; mobile
cellular systems are available in most of Kazakhstan
international: country code - 7; international traffic with other
former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave
radio relay and with other countries by satellite and by the
Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations
- 2 Intelsat

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 60, FM 17, shortwave 9 (1998)

Radios:
6.47 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
12 (plus nine repeaters) (1998)

Televisions:
3.88 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.kz

Internet hosts:
21,984 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
10 (with their own international channels) (2001)

Internet users:
250,000 (2002)

Transportation Kazakhstan

Railways:
total: 13,601 km
broad gauge: 13,601 km 1.520-m gauge (3,661 km electrified) (2003)

Highways:
total: 81,331 km
paved: 77,020 km
unpaved: 4,311 km (2000)

Waterways:
4,000 km
note: on the Syr Darya (Syrdariya) and Ertis (Irtysh) rivers (2004)

Pipelines:
condensate 18 km; gas 10,370 km; oil 10,158 km; refined products
1,187 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev), Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk),
Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk)

Merchant marine:
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,064 GRT/646 DWT
by type: roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 26 Netherlands 1 (2004 est.)

Airports:
392 (2003 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 64
over 3,047 m: 9
2,438 to 3,047 m: 26
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 10 (2003 est.)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 16

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 328
under 914 m: 217 (2003 est.)
over 3,047 m: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: