hoe, while his companion is busy mending
another. Class XVI. of the Museo Cristiano at the Lateran contains
several tombstones of Christian _sutores_ with various emblems of
their calling.

The shoemakers formed a powerful corporation from the time of the
kings; their club called the _Atrium sutorium_ was the scene of a
religious ceremony called _Tubilustrium_, which took place every year
on March 23. They seem to have been also an irritable and violent set.
Ulpianus[131] speaks of an action for damages brought before the
magistrate by a boy whose parents had placed him in a boot-shop to
learn the trade, and who, having misunderstood the directions of his
master, was struck by him so heavily on the head with a wooden form
that he lost the sight of one eye.

VIA SALARIA. Visitors who remember the Rome of past days will be
unpleasantly impressed by the change which the suburban quarters
crossed by the viae Salaria, Pinciana and Nomentana have undergone in
the last ten years. In driving outside the gates the stranger was
formerly surprised by the sudden appearance of a region of villas and
gardens. The villas Albani, Patrizi, Alberoni, and Torlonia, not to
speak of minor pleasure-grounds, merged as they were into one great
forest of venerable trees, with the blue Sabine range in the
background, gave him a true impression of the aspect of the Roman
Campagna in the imperial times.

The scene is now changed, and not for the better. Still, if any one
has no right to grumble, it is the archaeologist, because the building
of these suburban quarters has placed more knowledge at his disposal
than could have been gathered before in the lapse of a century. I
quote only one instance. Famous in the annals of Roman excavations are
those made between 1695 and 1741 in the vineyard of the Naro family,
between the Salaria and the Pinciana, back of the Casino di Villa
Borghese. It took forty-six years to dig out the contents of that
small property, which included twenty-six graves of praetorians and one
hundred and forty-one of civilians.

In 1887, in cutting open the Corso d' Italia, which connects the Porta
Pinciana with the Salaria, eight hundred and fifty-five tombs were
discovered in nine months. The cemetery extends from the Villa
Borghese to the praetorian camp, from the walls of Servius Tullius to
the first milestone. The gardens of Sallust were surrounded by it on
two sides; a striking contrast between the silent city of dea