the legs, and in its place there
was a mask or plaster cast of the head, reproducing most vividly the
features of the dead man. The cast is now preserved in the Pope's
wardrobe."[130]

Finally, I shall mention the tomb of a boot and shoe maker, which was
discovered February 5, 1887, in the foundations of one of the new
houses at the foot of the Belvedere. This excellent work of art, cut
in Carrara marble, shows the bust of the owner in a square niche,
above which is a round pediment. The portrait is extremely
characteristic: the forehead is bald, with a few locks of short curled
hair behind the ears; and the face shaven, except that on the left of
the mouth there is a mole covered with hair. The man appears to be of
mature age, but healthy, robust, and of rather stern expression.

Above the niche, two "forms" or lasts are represented, one of them
inside a _caliga_. They are evidently the signs of the trade carried
on by the owner of the tomb, which is announced in his epitaph: "Caius
Julius Helius, shoemaker at the Porta Pontinalis, built this tomb
during his lifetime for himself, his daughter Julia Flaccilla, his
freedman Caius Julius Onesimus and his other servants."

[Illustration: Tomb of Helius, the shoemaker.]

Julius Helius was therefore a shoe-merchant with a retail shop near
the modern Piazza di Magnanapoli on the Quirinal. Although the
qualification of _sutor_ is rather indefinite and can be applied
indifferently to the _solearii_, _sandaliarii_, _crepidarii_,
_baxearii_ (makers of slippers, sandals, Greek shoes), etc., as well
as to the _sutores veteramentarii_ or menders of old boots, yet Julius
Helius, as shown by the specimen represented on his tomb, was a
_caligarius_, or maker of _caligae_, which were used chiefly by
military men. Boot and shoe makers and purveyors of leather and
lacings (_comparatores mercis sutoriae_) seem to have been rather
proud men in their day, and liked to be represented on their tombs
with the tools of their trade. A bas-relief in the Museo di Brera
represents Caius Atilius Justus, one of the fraternity, seated at his
bench, in the act of adjusting a _caliga_ to the wooden last. A
sarcophagus inscribed with the name of Atilius Artemas, a local
shoemaker, was discovered at Ostia in 1877, with a representation of a
number of tools. The reader is probably familiar with the fresco from
Herculaneum representing two Genii seated at a bench; one of them is
forcing a last into a s