ueen Elizabeth, and the child, thus ushered
into a contemptuous world, lived to humble the pride of Spain, and to
bear to a final triumph the banner which Henry had raised.

[Footnote 840: Cranmer, _Works_, ii., 237.]

[Footnote 841: _Ibid._, ii., 241, 244; _L. and P._,
vi., 332, 469, 470, 525. This sentence did not
bastardise the Princess Mary according to Chapuys,
for "even if the marriage were null, the Princess
was legitimate owing to the lawful ignorance of her
parents. The Archbishop of Canterbury had foreseen
this and had not dared to be so shameless as to
declare her a bastard" (_ibid._, vii., 94).]

[Footnote 842: See _Tudor Tracts_ edited by the
present writer, 1903, pp. 10-28, and _L. and P._,
vi., 561, 563, 584, 601.]

[Footnote 843: _L. and P._, vi., 1089, 1111.]

[Footnote 844: _L. and P._, vi., 1112.]

CHAPTER XII. (p. 302)

"THE PREVAILING OF THE GATES OF HELL."

That victorious issue of the Tudor struggle with the power, against
which Popes proclaimed that the gates of hell should not prevail, was
distant enough in 1533. Then the Tudor monarch seemed rushing headlong
to irretrievable ruin. Sure of himself and his people, and feeling no
longer the need of Clement's favour, Henry threw off the mask of
friendship, and, on the 9th of July, confirmed, by letters patent, the
Act of Annates.[845] Cranmer's proceedings at Dunstable, Henry's
marriage, and Anne's coronation, constituted a still more flagrant
defiance of Catholic Europe. The Pope's authority was challenged with
every parade of contempt. He could do no less than gather round him
the relics of his dignity and prepare to launch against Henry the
final ban of the Church.[846] So, on the 11th of July, the sentence of
the greater excommunication was drawn up. Clement did not yet, (p. 303)
nor did he ever, venture to assert his claims to temporal supremacy in
Christendom, by depriving the English King of his kingdom; he thought
it prudent to rely on his own undisputed prerogative. His spiritual
powers seemed ample; and he applied to himself the words addressed to
the Prophet Jeremiah, "Behold, I have set thee above nation