ers a considerable number of not unimportant changes. It does not,
however, seem strictly accurate to say that Henry either liberated or
enslaved the Church. Rather, he substituted one form of despotism for
another, a sole for a dual control; the change, complained a reformer,
was merely a _translatio imperii_.[926] The democratic movement within
the Church had died away, like the democratic movements in national
and municipal politics, before the end of the fifteenth century. It
was never merry with the Church,[927] complained a Catholic in 1533,
since the time when bishops were wont to be chosen by the Holy Ghost
and by their Chapters.

[Footnote 925: With limitations, of course. Henry's
was only a _potestas jurisdictionis_ not a
_potestas ordinis_ (see Makower, _Const. Hist. of
the Church of England_, and the present writer's
_Cranmer_, pp. 83, 84, 95, 232, 233). Cranmer
acknowledged in the King also a _potestatem
ordinis_, just as Cromwell would have made him the
sole legislator in temporal affairs; Henry's
unrivalled capacity for judging what he could and
could not do saved him from adopting either
suggestion.]

[Footnote 926: _L. and P._, XIV., ii., p. 141.]

[Footnote 927: _Ibid._, vi., 797 [2];
a Venetian declared that Huguenotism was
"due to the abolition of the election of the
clergy" (Armstrong, _Wars of Religion_, p. 11).]

Since then the Church had been governed by a partnership between King
and Pope, without much regard for the votes of the shareholders. It
was not Henry who first deprived them of influence; neither did (p. 327)
he restore it. What he did was to eject his foreign partner,
appropriate his share of the profits, and put his part of the business
into the hands of a manager. First-fruits and tenths were described as
an intolerable burden; but they were not abolished; they were merely
transferred from the Pope to the King. Bishops became royal nominees,
pure and simple, instead of the joint nominees of King and Pope. The
supreme appellate jurisdiction in ecclesiastical causes was taken away
from Rome, but it was not granted the English Church to which in truth
it had never belonged.[928] Ch