te they require well staking, and
the longest shoots should be shortened back, as many of them are
top-heavy when young.

ROSA.--Although the various garden Roses come under this heading, yet
they are a class apart, and are better dealt with by specialists. The
species of Rosa do not require any shortening of their shoots, which
should always be left at full length, but all of them should have an
annual thinning out of the old wood, either cutting it right away or
back to a young shoot. Some of the species are very prone to throw up
suckers from underground sometimes to a considerable distance from the
plant, and these should always be dug out and got rid of; merely cutting
them off only producing two evils in the place of one.

RUBUS.--This genus includes the Blackberry and Raspberry, and in a
modified form the treatment accorded to them for fruiting is the best to
employ with the ornamental Rubi, that is, all old wood that has flowered
should be cut away and strong young canes encouraged. But while in the
cultivation of the Raspberry only a few young canes are allowed to grow,
in the ornamental species practically every young growth should be
utilised. The double-flowered Rubi should have some of the old wood
left, as they do not make so much young growth as the single ones do.

SANTOLINA.--This is a dwarf-growing genus, the old flower-heads of which
should be cut away as soon as they are past, and any long or straggling
growths cut back at the same time.

SAMBUCUS.--The elders require very little pruning as a rule, but the
various cut-leaved, golden, or variegated forms are improved by being
cut back annually. This will prevent them flowering, but as good foliage
is required the loss of the bloom is a matter of little consequence.

SKIMMIA.--Requires no pruning.

SMILAX.--The hardy species of this genus do not require any pruning if
they have room to ramble. If space is restricted, thin out and shorten
in autumn.

SOPHORA.--These should be kept thinned when they have attained flowering
size; in a young state they should be kept to a single stem and induced
to form well-shaped trees.

SPARTIUM.--This should be cut back in a small state, but when older it
requires no pruning whatever.

SPIRAEA.--Though all the Spiraeas will flower on the old wood, the
following are better for being cut back in winter to form young
flowering shoots, viz., _S. betulifolia_, _S. Douglasi_, _S. Foxii_, _S.
japonica_, _S. Margari