|22 Hepatic flexure| " |22 Hepatic flexure| " |
|23 Jejunum and ileum | " |23 Mesentery | " |23 Splenic flexure| 0.28 |
|24 Duodenum | 0.23 |24 Submaxillary | 0.20 |24 Submaxillary | 0.22 |
|25 Splenic flexure | 0.15 |25 Duodenum | " |25 Duodenum | |
+---------------------+-------+------------------+-------+------------------+-------+

_Note._--The figures where several organs are bracketed apply to each organ separately.

In a healthy new-born infant the mouth is free from micro-organisms, and
very few are found in a breast-fed baby, but _Bacillus lactis_ may be
found where the child is bottle fed. If there is trouble with the first
dentition and food is allowed to collect, staphylococci, streptococci,
pneumococci and colon bacilli may be present. Even in healthy babies
_Oidium albicans_ may be present, and in older children the
pseudo-diphtheria bacillus. From carious teeth may be isolated
streptothrix, leptothrix, spirilla and fusiform bacilli. Under
conditions of health these micro-organisms live in the mouth as
saprophytes, and show no virulence when cultivated and injected into
animals. The two common pyogenetic organisms, _Staphylococcus albus_ and
_brevis_, show no virulence. Also the pneumococcus, though often
present, must be raised in virulence before it can produce untoward
results. The foulness of the mouth is supposed to be due to the colon
bacillus and its allies, but those obtained from the mouth are
innocuous. Also to enable the _Oidium albicans_ to attack the mucous
membrane there must be some slight inflammation or injury. The
micro-organisms found in the stomach gain access to that organ in the
food or by regurgitation from the small intestine. Most are relatively
inert, but some have a special fermentative action on the food (see
NUTRITION). Abelous isolated sixteen distinct species of organism from a
healthy stomach, including Sarcinae, _B. lactis_, _pyocyaneus_,
_subtilis_, _lactis erythrogenes_, _amylobacter_, _megatherium_, and
_Vibrio rugula_.

Physical abnormalities

Hare-lip, cleft palate, hernia and imperforate anus are physical
abnormalities which are interesting to the surgeon rather than to the
pathologist. The oesophagus may be the seat of a diverticulum, or blind
pouch, usually situated in its lower half, which in most instances is
probably partly acquired and partly congenital; a local weakness
succumbing t