one to many thousands. They are largely composed of cholesterin,
combined with small amounts of bile-pigments and acids, lime and
magnesium salts. Their presence may give rise to no symptoms, or may
cause violent biliary colic, and, if the bile-stream be obstructed, to
jaundice. Inflammatory processes may be initiated in the gall-bladder or
the bile-ducts, catarrhal or suppurative in character.

_The Pancreas._--Haemorrhages into the body of the pancreas, acute and
chronic inflammation, calculi, cysts and tumours, among which cancer is
by far the most common, are recognized as occurring in this organ; the
point of greatest interest regarding them lies in the relations
established between pancreatic disease and diabetes mellitus, affections
of the gland frequently being complicated by, and probably causing, the
appearance of sugar in the urine.

_The Small Intestine._--Little remains to be added to the account of
inflammatory lesions in connexion with the small intestine. It offers
but few conditions peculiar to itself, save in typhoid fever, and the
ease with which it contrives to become kinked, or intussuscepted,
producing obstruction, or to take part in hernial protrusions. The first
section, the duodenum, is subject to development of ulcers very similar
to those of the gastric mucous membrane. For long duodenal ulceration
has been regarded as a complication of extensive burns of the skin, but
the relationship between them has not yet been quite satisfactorily
explained. The condition of colic in the bowel usually arises from
overdistension of some part of the small gut with gas, the frequent
sharp turns of the gut facilitating temporary closure of its lumen by
pressure of the dilated gut near a curve against the part beyond. In the
large bowel accumulations of gas seldom cause such acute symptoms,
having a readier exit.

_The Large Intestine._--The colon, especially the ascending portion, may
become immensely dilated, usually after prolonged constipation and
paralysis of the gut; occasionally the condition is congenital.
Straining efforts made in defaecation may often account for prolapse of
the lower end of the rectum through the anus. Haemorrhage from the bowel
is usually a sign of disease situated in the large intestine: if bright
in colour, the source is probably low down; if dark, from the caecum or
from above the ileo-caecal valve. Blood after a short stay in any
section of the alimentary canal darkens, and