|
| " zinc sulphate (normal) | | 0.2355 " | " |
| " zinc acetate (double normal) | | 0.1195 " | " |
| " zinc formate (half normal) | | 0.4654 " | " |
| " cadmium sulphate (double normal)| | 0.2456 " | " |
| " glycerin (1/8n, 1/2n, |10.14 deg.C.| 0.356, 0.350, 0.342,| F. Heimbrodt.|
| 7/8n, 7/8n) | | 0.315 cm^2/day. | " |
| " urea " " |14.83 deg.C.| 0.973, 0.946, 0.926,| " |
| | | 0.883 cm^2/day. | " |
| " hydrochloric acid |14.30 deg.C.| 2.208, 2.331, | " |
| | | 2.480 cm^2/day | " |
| Gelatin 20% and ammonia | 17 deg.C.| 127.1 " | A. Hagenbach.|
| " " carbon dioxide | | 0.845 " | " |
| " " nitrous oxide | | 0.509 " | " |
| " " oxygen | | 0.230 " | " |
| " " hydrogen | | 0.0565 " | " |
+-------------------------------------------+------------+---------------------+--------------+

Let us now assume that we have any syste m such as the gases above
considered, and that it is in the presence of an indefinitely extended
medium which we shall call the "auxiliary medium." If heat be taken
from any part of the system, only part of this heat can be converted
into work by means of thermodynamic engines; and the rest will be
given to the auxiliary medium, and will constitute unavailable energy
or waste. To understand what this means, we may consider the case of a
condensing steam engine. Only part of the energy liberated by the
combustion of the coal is available for driving the engine, the rest
takes the form of heat imparted to the condenser. The colder the
condenser the more efficient is the engine, and the smaller is the
quantity of waste.

The amount of unavailable energy associated with any given
transformation is proportional to the abs