unta, for example, magical ceremonies constitute the publicly
recognized business of the community acting through its accredited
representatives; the partial exclusion of women and uninitiated boys
from these ceremonies (and from political councils) is due mainly to the
desire of the elders to keep the power in their own hands. The State
religion may sometimes be forced by public opinion to adopt particular
magical procedures.

+892+. It was natural that the specific study of sequences and laws
should fall into the hands of special persons and classes of men. The
human agent in the discovery of laws is the magician (sorcerer, shaman),
who, since he was generally a physician also, sometimes received the
name of "medicine man." As the office of chief arose for the direction
of social culture and political affairs, so the office of magician arose
naturally for the direction of supernatural relations. He may have been
the earliest religious teacher and guide.[1555] He knows the will and
nature of the supernatural Powers and is therefore a necessity to men.
He is specifically in charge of all that relates to the control of these
Powers.

+893+. In the course of time there arises a differentiation of
functions, and, when religion becomes friendly, the office of priest is
created. The priest, like the magician, understands the will of the
gods, but his procedure is intended simply to propitiate them or to
discover their will in particular cases.[1556] He is a development out
of the magician in so far as friendly religion is a development out of
magical religion.[1557] The prophet also, in the role in which he
appears among the Greeks, is a development out of the old magician; he
knows the will of the gods and is thus able to predict events. This is
the character of the old Hebrew seer; the Hebrew prophet, originally a
seer, assumed in the course of time a quite different character--he
became a preacher of ethical religion.

+894+. The office of magician, once established, became subject to all
the rules that govern official persons in barbarous, half-civilized, and
civilized societies. Of the way in which the position was attained in
the earliest times we have no information, but in relatively low tribes
it appears that it is attained in various ways. There is sometimes a
suggestion of vocation in a dream or a vision.[1558] Among some tribes a
candidate for the office has to undergo a process of education, that is,
of train