ations some form of organization arose as a matter of course;
experience early showed that men could not live together except under
the guidance and control of authoritative regulations. Such regulations
dealt with fundamental facts of life, which in the beginnings of society
are mostly physical. The points requiring regulation are: the relation
of man to nonhuman things (animals, plants, and inanimate objects); the
maintenance of rights of life and property; and the sexual relations
between human beings, especially marriage as the basis of the family.
The determination of what things may be eaten belongs more particularly
under "taboo," and is considered below. Customs and rules designed to
protect life and property have always coalesced with religious systems;
they are mentioned in connection with the ethical element in
religion.[769] The other points--relations to nonhuman things and sexual
relations--may be conveniently considered together here; but, as the
second point belongs rather to sociology than to the history of
religion, it will be sufficient, with an introductory word on marriage
restrictions (under _Exogamy_), to give the facts in connection with the
various totemic organizations.

+423+. _Exogamy._[770] All over the savage world the general rule
prevails (though not without exceptions) that a man must not marry a
woman of his own clan; though the family proper (husband, wife, and
children) exists, the clan is the fundamental social unit. When a tribe
contains several clans it is commonly divided into groups (phratries),
each phratry including certain clans, and the rule then is that a man
shall not marry a woman of his phratry. Usually the number of phratries
is two, but in some cases (as among the Australian Arunta and adjoining
tribes) these are divided so that there are four or eight exogamous
groups (subphratries). When the totem is hereditary the totemic clans
are exogamous; otherwise (as among the Arunta) marriage between persons
of the same clan is permitted.

+424+. Whether the clan or the phratry preceded in time it is hardly
possible to determine--clans may have united to form a larger group, or
an original group may have been divided into clans. But in the latter
case this original group was practically a clan, so that the question of
precedence in time is not important. Where clan exogamy exists without
phratries it is possible that these also formerly existed and have been
dropped in the in