s. In Northwestern America the magical performances are not
connected with totemic clans.

+462+. _Definition of totemism._ It appears, then, that not one of the
points just mentioned is found invariably in the systems of organization
commonly called totemic. Exogamy is an independent phenomenon; the clan
does not always bear the name of the totem, and is not always held to
have descended from it; usages in regard to eating it vary greatly;
magical economic ceremonies are performed by other than totemic bodies.
There is no known clan that includes all these elements in its
organization, though in Central Australia there is an approach to
complete inclusion; the features lacking are clan exogamy and absolute
prohibition of eating the totem, but practically a clan does not eat its
totem, and exogamy, for reasons given above, may be left out of
consideration. The Central Australian system may be said to be
substantially complete; with it the North American systems stand in
sharp contrast, and from it many others diverge.

+463+. But, with all these differences, the fact remains that in
totemism the human group stands in a peculiar relation to some nonhuman
object.[816] This general statement must, however, be defined in two
particulars: the relation is an alliance for the benefit of both
parties; and the nonhuman object is not regarded as a god and is not
worshiped. The first of these particulars marks totemism off from that
general regard that is paid by savages to animals, plants, certain
heavenly bodies, and other physical things;[817] the second particular
distinguishes it from the cult of ghosts and gods proper. We may
therefore define it as an alliance, offensive and defensive, between a
human group and a nonhuman group or object that is not worshiped, the
friendly relation existing between every member of the one group and
every member of the other group.[818]

+464+. This relation having been formed, the various features mentioned
above will naturally become attached to it in various ways and to
different extents. The clan will somehow get a name, when and how we
need not now ask; usually its name is that of the totem--this is in
keeping with the intimate connection between the two. To trace the
origin of the clan to the totem is only to do what is done abundantly
among uncivilized and civilized peoples (Hebrews, Greeks, and others);
the eponymous ancestor is constructed out of the current name of the
clan. To r