exhibiting apparatus, known as the Kinetoscope, was
a machine in which a positive print from the negative obtained in the
camera was exhibited directly to the eye through a peep-hole; but in
1895 the films were applied to modified forms of magic lanterns, by
which the images are projected upon a screen. Since that date the
industry has developed very rapidly, and at the present time (1910) all
of the principal American manufacturers of motion pictures are paying a
royalty to Edison under his basic patents.

From the early days of pictures representing simple movements, such as
a man sneezing, or a skirt-dance, there has been a gradual evolution,
until now the pictures represent not only actual events in all their
palpitating instantaneity, but highly developed dramas and scenarios
enacted in large, well-equipped glass studios, and the result of
infinite pains and expense of production. These pictures are exhibited
in upward of eight thousand places of amusement in the United States,
and are witnessed by millions of people each year. They constitute a
cheap, clean form of amusement for many persons who cannot spare the
money to go to the ordinary theatres, or they may be exhibited in towns
that are too small to support a theatre. More than this, they offer
to the poor man an effective substitute for the saloon. Probably no
invention ever made has afforded more pleasure and entertainment than
the motion picture.

Aside from the development of the motion picture as a spectacle, there
has gone on an evolution in its use for educational purposes of wide
range, which must not be overlooked. In fact, this form of utilization
has been carried further in Europe than in this country as a means of
demonstration in the arts and sciences. One may study animal life, watch
a surgical operation, follow the movement of machinery, take lessons
in facial expression or in calisthenics. It seems a pity that in motion
pictures should at last have been found the only competition that the
ancient marionettes cannot withstand. But aside from the disappearance
of those entertaining puppets, all else is gain in the creation of this
new art.

The work at the Edison laboratory in the development of the motion
picture was as usual intense and concentrated, and, as might be
expected, many of the early experiments were quite primitive in
their character until command had been secured of relatively perfect
apparatus. The subjects registered jerkily