cision not only by
the cordial approval of the leading Catholic princes of Europe,
except, of course, Louis XIV of France, but also by the Pope himself,
who had more than once expressed his emphatic disgust at the foolish
rashness of King James.[2]

[1] The seven gentlemen who signed in cipher the secret letter to
William, Prince of Orange, were Henry Sidney, brother of Algernon
Sidney (S480); Edward Russell, a kinsman of Lord Russell, beheaded by
Charles II (S480); the Earl of Devonshire, chief of the Whig party;
Lord Shrewsbury; Danby, the old Tory minister of Charles II; Compton,
Bishop of London, whom James II had tyrannically suspended; and Lord
Lumley. See the letter in J. Dalrymple's "Memoirs of Great Britain,"
II, Appendix, p. 228.
[2] Bright's, Guizot's, Lingard's, and Von Ranke's Histories of
England.

491. The "Glorious Revolution of 1688; William comes, James goes.

William's ship, which led his fleet, displayed this flag.

I WILL MAINTAIN THE LIBERTIES OF ENGLAND AND THE PROTESTANT RELIGION

He landed with 14,000 troops on the shore of Torbay, Devonshire. (See
map facing p. 334.) It was the fifth and last rgeat landing in the
history of England.[1] He declared that he came in the interest of
his wife Mary, the heir to the throne (S477), and in the interest of
the English nation, to secure a free and legal Parliament which should
decide the question of the succession. James endeavored to rally a
force to resist him, but Baron Churchill, afterwards Duke of
Marlborough (S509), and the King's son-in-law, Prince George, both
secretly went over to William's side.

[1] The first being that of the Romans, the next that of the Saxons,
the third that of St. Augustine, the fourth that of William he
Conqueror, the fifth that of the Prince of Orange.

His troops likewise deserted, and finally even his daughter Anne went
over to the enemy. "Now God help me!" exclaimed James, in despair;
"for my own children forsake me!" The Queen had already fled to
France, taking with her her infant son, the unfortunate Prince James
Edward, whose birth (S490) had caused the revolution. Instead of a
kingdom, he inherited nothing but the nickname of "Pretender," which
he in turn transmitted to his son.[2] King James soon followed his
wife.

[2] Prince James Edward Stuart, the so-called "Old Pretender," and his
son, Prince Charles Edward Stuart, the so-called "Young Pretender."
See, too, Genealogical Table, p. 323.

A