succession to Mary and
Anne (provided the claim of the newly born Prince James, the so-called
"Pretender," was set aside [SS490, 491]). See Genealogical Table,
p. 323.

495. Jacobites and Nonjurors (1689).

At the accession of the new sovereigns the extreme Tories (S479), who
believed the action fo the Convention unconstitutional, continued to
adhere to James II as their lawful King. Henceforth this class became
known as "Jacobites," from Jacobus, the Latin name for James. They
were especially numerous and determined in the Highlands of Scotland
and the south of Ireland. They kept up a secret correspondence with
the refugee monarch, and were constantly plotting for his restoration.

About four hundred of the clergy of the Church of England, including
the Archbishop of Canterbury and four more of the famous seven bishops
(S489), with some members of the universities and also some Scotch
Presbyterians, refused to take the oath of allegiance to William and
Mary. They became known on this account as the "Nonjurors," and
although they were never harshly treated, they were compelled to
resign their positions.

496. The Mutiny Act and the Toleration Act, 1689.

We have seen that one of the chief means of despotism on which James
II relied was the organization of a powerful standing army (S488),
such as was unknown in England until Cromwell was compelled to rule by
military force (S457). Charles II had perpetuated such an army
(S467), but it was so small that it was no longer formidable.

It was now evident that owing to the abolition of the feudal levies
(SS150, 482) a standing army under the King's command must be
maintained, especially as war was impending with Louis XIV, who
threatened by force of arms and with the help of the Jacobites (S495)
to restore James II to the English throne. To prevent the sovereign
from making bad use of such a power, Parliament passed a law called
the "Mutiny Act," 1689, which practically put the army under the
control of the nation,[1] as it has since remained. Thus all danger
from that source was taken away.

[1] The Mutiny Act provides: (1) that the standing army shall be at
the King's command--subject to certain rules--for one year only; (2)
that no pay shall be issued to troops except by special acts of
Parliament; (3) that no act of mutiny can be punished except by the
annual reenactment of the Mutiny Bill.

James's next method for bringing the country under the control