I. Anaxagoras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

VII.--THE ATOMISTS (_continued_)--
II. Empedocles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

VIII.--THE ATOMISTS (_concluded_)--
III. Leucippus and Democritus . . . . . . . . . . 74

IX.--THE SOPHISTS--
I. Protagoras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

X.--THE SOPHISTS (_concluded_)--
II. Gorgias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

XI.--SOCRATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

XII.--SOCRATES (concluded) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

XIII.--THE INCOMPLETE SOCRATICS--
I. Aristippus and the Cyrenaics . . . . . . . . 124
II. Antisthenes and the Cynics . . . . . . . . . 128
III. Euclides and the Megarics . . . . . . . . . . 132

XIV.--PLATO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

XV.--PLATO (_continued_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

XVI.--PLATO (_continued_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

XVII.--PLATO (_concluded_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

XVIII.--ARISTOTLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

XIX.--ARISTOTLE (_continued_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

XX.--ARISTOTLE (_concluded_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

XXI.--THE SCEPTICS AND EPICUREANS . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

XXII.--THE STOICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

{1}

CHAPTER I

THE SCHOOL OF MILETUS

_The question of Thales--Water the beginning of things--Soul in all
things--Mystery in science--Abstraction and reality--Theory of
development_

I. THALES.--For several centuries prior to the great Persian invasions
of Greece, perhaps the very greatest and wealthiest city of the Greek
world was Miletus. Situate about the centre of the Ionian coasts of
Asia Minor, with four magnificent harbours and a strongly defensible
position, it gathered to itself much of the great overland trade, which
has flowed for thousands of years eastward and westward between India
and the Mediterranean; while by its great fleets it created a new world
of its own along the Black Sea coast. Its colonies there were so
numerous that Miletus was named 'Mother of Eighty Cities.' From Abydus
on the Bosphorus, past Sinope, and so onward to the Crimea and the Don,
and thence round to Thrace, a busy community of colonies, mi