e; and on July 18 the definition of
infallibility was acclaimed in St. Peter's in presence of the pope by 533
against 2.

Mr. Gladstone is very glad when Clarendon instructs Mr. Russell to turn
his back on the festivities at Rome. "The whole proceeding has been
monstrous, and it will hereafter become one of the laughing-stocks of
history. The fanaticism of the middle ages is really sober compared with
that of the nineteenth century." "The proclamation of Infallibility," he
said to Bishop Moriarty, "I must own I look upon as the most portentous
(taking them singly), of all events in the history of the Christian
church."

III

The next day, as we know, war was declared by France against Germany, the
French garrison left Rome, and on September 20 the Italians marched in.

A month before the war broke out, Mr. Gladstone wrote to Lord Clarendon:
"I would avoid any official support of the Italian application to France
for the evacuation of Rome, by saying that this country had always
abstained from mixing in that question; and that we were the more induced
to persevere in that policy from being well convinced that the French
government is perfectly aware that in this country the occupation of any
part of the pontifical territories by French troops is regarded with
regret, pain, and disapproval. Further, that those who most strongly
entertain these sentiments, are generally the persons who most highly
value, and have most striven to promote, the good understanding between
France and England."

The occupation of Rome by the Italian government brought upon Mr.
Gladstone various demands and movements from different parts of the
country. His cabinet agreed that the proper course was to decline all
interference with a view to the restoration of the temporal power, though
they accepted the task of promoting, by means of friendly representations,
arrangements to secure the pontiff's freedom and becoming support. Then
some of his presbyterian friends asked him why he should even do so much
as this, when he would take no such steps for the moderator of the free
church. Now consider, Mr. Gladstone replied: "the pope is a sovereign who
was in lawful possession of large revenues, and who had charged himself
with the support of a body of cardinals, ministers, nuncios, servants, and
guards out of those revenues. He has been dispossessed, not for any fault
of his own, but because clerical dominion was deemed intolerable. In the
m