he Son_
(Filioque)," various Scripture phrases were adduced in support of it:
such as, _the Spirit of Christ_ (Rom. viii. 9), _the Spirit of His Son_
(Gal. iv. 6), _the supply of the Spirit of Jesus Christ_ (Phil. i. 19),
_the Spirit of Christ_ (1 Pet. i. 11). Also S. John xv. 26, xvi. 7,
xx. 32, and the general similarity of expressions which, speaking of
the Holy Spirit, refer to the Father, and to the Son.

The Eastern Churches were opposed to the addition of the words, "and
from the Son." The Western Churches were, mainly, in favour of it.
The controversy lasted from the 5th to the 11th century, and resulted
in the schism which still separates the Eastern and Western Churches.

It is usually agreed that the difference is not one of doctrine. The
Easterns prefer the phrase "receiving from the Son": the Westerns
prefer to assert afresh the equality of the Father and the Son, by
using the phrase, "proceeding from the Father and the Son." It may be
{177} doubted whether the words should have been added without the
assent of a General Council. But there is no denial of the equality of
the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, in the Eastern, nor in the
Western, Churches.

[1] On p. 124, we have accidentally written 'Chalcedon' for 'Ephesus':
and _vice versa_. The dates are correctly given on pp. 122, 123.

APPENDIX F.

ON THE GREEK ORIGIN OF LITANIES (p. 153).

_Litany_ comes from the Greek _litaneia_.

_lite_ means a prayer; whence (_litanos_) one who prays; _litaneuo_ to
be a person who prays; _litaneia_ a continued prayer. Thus _Litany_
has the meaning of "prolonged prayers."

In _the (Greek) Liturgy of S. James_, there are three Bidding Prayers
(besides the "Diptychs"), which have something of the Litany Form. The
following suffrages are selected from the one to which we have referred:

"_The Deacon_. Let us beseech the Lord in peace.

_The Laity_. Lord, have mercy.

_The Deacon_. O God, by thy love grant us safety, mercy, compassion,
and protection. _The Laity_. Lord, have mercy.

_The Deacon_. For the peace that is from above, for the love of God
towards man, and for the safety of our souls, let us beseech the Lord.
_The Laity_ (after each suffrage). Lord, have mercy.

_The Deacon_. For the peace of the whole world, and the unity of all
the holy churches of God, let us &c.

{178}

For those who bear fruit and do good in the holy churches of God, those
who remember the p