consumption, prolonged physical
efforts, etc. Division C pictures urates of ammonia. These appear in
alkaline decomposition of the urine; it is isomeric with uric acid in
acid urine. In division D is represented urate of soda, which is present
in the tissues of persons suffering from gout. The crystals shown in
division E consist of the same salt.

[Illustration: Fig. 6.]

In Fig. 6, division A, is represented purulent matter as it appears in
the urine. The formation of pus in different parts of the genitourinary
system is accompanied by the appearance of pus corpuscles in the urine.
When fat globules, represented in division B, are found in the urine,
they indicate fatty degeneration. In division C are representations of
the cells found in the urine of persons suffering from cystitis or other
inflammatory diseases.

[Illustration: Fig. 7.]

Fig. 7, divisions A and B, represent different forms of cystine.
Fortunately this substance is rarely found in the urine. When present
however it indicates liability to, or the actual presence of, a calculus
or stone in the bladder. In division C is a representation of the
deposits seen in the urine of those who are greatly debilitated. In
division D are seen epithelial cells mixed with mucus.

[Illustration: Fig. 8.]

In Fig. 8, division A, are represented the caudated cells from the deep
structure of the bladder. The cells represented in division B are
amyloid concretions, found where there is an enlarged prostate gland.

Fig. 9 represents the appearance of spermatozoa as seen in the urine.
When present, they afford indisputable evidence of the escape of semen
in the renal excretions.

We might add many other illustrations of urinary deposits and state
their several indications, but a sufficient number has been introduced
to show the importance and practical value of microscopic examinations
of the urine in revealing obscure diseases.

Although the microscope is of inestimable value in examining the renal
excretion, it does not entirely supersede other valuable instruments and
chemical re-agents in determining constitutional changes. By the
urinometer we determine the specific gravity of the urine; by the use of
litmus its acid or alkaline reaction, is ascertained; while various
chemicals, when added to it, produce certain specific changes, according
to the morbid alterations which it has undergone by reason of disease.
By the application of heat, or the addition of a