United States in 1900,
but withdrawn in 1904, though still expressing the views of
that Government, for reasons specified in a note to the British
_charge d'affaires_ at Washington and printed in _Parl. Papers,
Miscell._ No. 5 (1909), p. 8. The United States, it will be
remembered, were also the first Power to attempt a codification
of the laws of war on land, in their _Instructions for the
Government of Armies of the United States_, issued in 1863, and
reissued in 1898. Some information as to this and similar
bodies of national instructions may be found in the present
writer's _Studies in International Law_, 1898, p. 85. _Cf._ his
_Manual of Naval Prize Law_, issued by authority of the
Admiralty in 1888, his _Handbook of the Laws and Customs of War
on Land_, issued by authority to the British Army in 1904, and
his _The Laws of War on Land (written and unwritten)_, 1908.
The Institut de Droit International, which has been engaged for
some years upon the Law of War at Sea, by devoting the whole of
its session at Oxford, in 1913, to the discussion of the
subject, produced a _Manuel des Lois de la Guerre sur Mer_,
framed in accordance with the now-accepted view which sanctions
the capture of enemy private property at sea. It is to be
followed by a manual framed in accordance with the contrary
view. _Cf._ the letters upon the _Declaration of London_, in
Ch. VII. Section 10, _infra_.

COUNT VON MOLTKE ON THE LAWS OF WARFARE

Sir,--You may perhaps think that the accompanying letter, recently
addressed by Count von Moltke to Professor Bluntschli, is of sufficient
general interest to be inserted in _The Times_. It was written with
reference to the Manual of the Laws of War which was adopted by the
Institut de Droit International at its recent session at Oxford. The
German text of the letter will appear in a few days at Berlin. My
translation is made from the proof-sheets of the February number of the
_Revue de Droit International_, which will contain also Professor
Bluntschli's reply.

Your obedient servant,
T. E. HOLLAND.
Oxford, January 29 (1881).

"Berlin, Dec. 11, 1880.

"You have been so good as to forward to me the manual
published by the Institut de Droit International, and you hope
for my approval of it. In the first place I fully appreciate
the philanthropic effort to soften the evils whi