t long and painful expiation.
Schwaner[1612] reports that the Dyaks withdrew "modestly" when he
was about to eat. That the cycle of variation may be complete, we
find one case of people (Kafans) who may not take food or drink
without the presence of a legal witness, an adult of the same
people duly authorized. The chief has a slave who discharges the
duty of witness. He must be called at night if the chief has to
take medicine. A stranger must conform to the rule. Spouses must
eat and drink together, from the same dish or cup. To violate
this rule is a reason for divorce.[1613] The best explanation of
the rules about eating in private is the fear of the evil eye,
i.e. the envious or admiring eye of a hungry man, which would
bewitch the food.

+489. Kissing.+ Kissing is another occasion for special rules of
propriety. In China and Japan kissing is regarded with disgust. It is
unknown amongst Polynesians, Malays, negroes, and Indians of South
America.[1614] They rub noses, or bite, or smell, instead. It is said of
a Samoan girl, also, that she "looks upon kissing with disgust."[1615]
So far apart may human beings be racewise in their judgment of what is
pleasant or disgusting! In Europe, in the Middle Ages, the custom of
kissing was very extended. Newcomers were saluted with kisses; also
partners in the dance. A bishop kissed the wife of Rudolf of Hapsburg
when receiving her, but he was banished until Rudolf died.[1616] From a
fifteenth-century sermon it is learned that a young lady of rank in
France, at that time, would rise in the midst of divine service,
incommoding everybody, in order to kiss on the mouth a cavalier who
entered the church at that time.[1617] The custom of kissing became more
general in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but discussion about
it shows that there was some doubt whether it was expedient. "The mores
won a victory over philosophy."[1618] In modern times Europeans have
taught half-civilized and barbarian peoples the custom of kissing. The
Hottentots, for instance, in their zeal to imitate Europeans, have
adopted this custom.[1619]

+490. Politeness, etiquette, manners.+ Politeness, courtesy, and good
manners are usages, but they rise to the level of the mores when they
become a part of the character of a people, for then they produce
characteristic traits which affect all societal relations.[1620]
Uncivilized people often pay punctilious attention to