hamed before Allah, as an honorable man is
ashamed before his own people,' said Mohammed to a new convert, in
order to make clear to him the unknown from the known, and to enlarge
the morals of the village to that of the world."[1414]

+451. The first attachments on the body.+ Ethnographical studies have
established the fact that things were first hung on the body as amulets
or trophies, that is, for superstition or vanity, and that the body was
painted or tattooed for superstition or in play. The notion of ornament
followed. The skull and body have been deformed and mutilated, and the
hair has been dressed or removed, in order to vary it and produce
effect. Savages lie in ashes, dust, clay, sand, or mud, for warmth, or
coolness, or indolence, and they could easily find out the advantage of
a coating on the skin to protect them from insects or the sun. Three
things resulted which had never been foreseen or intended. (1) It was
found that there was great utility in certain attachments to the body
which protected it when sitting on the ground or standing in the water.
Play seized upon the markings, and the men of a group at last came to
use the same markings, from which resulted a group sign. The marks came
to be regarded as ornamental. Some attachments had great utility for
males in fishing, hunting, fighting, running, and some kinds of work.
(2) Goblinism seized upon the custom and gave it new and powerful
motives. The group mark became hereditary and maintained group unity
with goblinistic sanctions. Some hanging objects were thought to ward
off the evil eye. Others were amulets and prevented sorcery. (3) The
objects hung on the body might be trophies taken from animals or
enemies. These things consciously, and the others unconsciously, acted
on vanity. When all wore things attached to the body a man or woman did
not look dressed, or "right" without such attachments. He or she looked
bare or naked. They were ashamed. This is the shame of nakedness. The
connection of dress with warmth and modesty is derived and remote.

+452. The fear of sorcery.+ The reason for retiring to perform bodily
functions was the fear of sorcery, if an enemy should get possession of
anything which ever was a part of the body. Hence the best plan was to
go to running water. Once more, important but unanticipated and even
unperceived consequences followed. The customs played the part of
sanitary regulations. When it became the custom to retire i