, and should be placed so that the
light may fall on the eye from the front and side. Then the observer,
placing himself in front of the animal, will receive the reflected rays
from the cornea, the front of the lens and the back, and can much more
easily detect any cloudiness, opacity, or lack of transparency. The
examination can be made much more satisfactory by placing the horse in a
dark chamber and illuminating the eye by a lamp placed forward and
outward from the eye which is to be examined. Any cloudiness is thus
easily detected, and any doubt may be resolved by moving the lamp so
that the image of the flame may be passed in succession over the whole
surface of the transparent cornea and of the crystalline lens. Three
images of the flame will be seen, the larger one upright, reflected from
the anterior surface of the eye; a smaller one upright, reflected from
the anterior surface of the lens; and a second small one inverted from
the back surface of the lens.

So long as these images are reflected from healthy surfaces they will be
clear and perfect in outline, but as soon as one strikes on an area of
opacity it will become diffused, cloudy, and indefinite. Thus, if the
large, upright image becomes hazy and imperfect over a particular spot
of the cornea, that will be found to be the seat of disease and opacity.
Should the large image remain clear, but the small upright one become
diffuse and indefinite over a given point, it indicates opacity on the
front of the capsule of the lens. If both upright images remain clear
while the inverted one becomes indistinct at a given point, then the
opacity is in the substance of the lens itself or in the posterior part
of its capsule.

If in a given case the pupil remains so closely contracted that the
deeper parts of the eye can not be seen, the eyelids may be rubbed with
extract of belladonna, and in a short time the pupil will be found
widely dilated.

DISEASES OF THE EYELIDS.

CONGENITAL DISORDERS.

Some faulty conditions of the eyelids are congenital, as division of an
eyelid in two, after the manner of harelip, abnormally small opening
between the lids, often connected with imperfect development of the eye,
and closure of the lids by adhesion. The first is to be remedied by
paring the edges of the division and then bringing them together, as in
torn lids. The last two, if remediable at all, require separation by the
knife, and subsequent treatment with a cooling