in another
part of the eye, which the suffering animal endeavors to assuage by the
use of this beneficent provision. For the diseases of the cartilage
itself, see "Encephaloid cancer."

LACRIMAL APPARATUS.

This consists, first, of a gland for the secretion of the tears, and,
second, of a series of canals for the conveyance of the superfluous
tears into the cavity of the nose.

The gland is situated above the outer part of the eyeball, and the tears
which have flowed over the eye and reached the inner angle are there
directed by a small, conical papilla (lacrimal caruncle) into two minute
orifices, and thence by two ducts (lacrimal) to a small pouch (lacrimal
sac) from which a canal leads through the bones of the face into the
nose. This opens in the lower part of the nose on the floor of the
passage and a little outside the line of union of the skin which lines
the false nostril with the mucous membrane of the nose. In the ass and
mule this opening is situated on the roof instead of the floor of the
nose, but still close to the external opening.

EXAMINATION OF THE EYE.

To avoid unnecessary repetition the following general directions are
given for the examination of the eye: The eye, and to a certain extent
the mucous membrane lining the eyelids, may be exposed to view by gently
parting the eyelids with the thumb and forefinger pressed on the middle
of the respective lids. The pressure, it is true, causes the protrusion
of the haw over a portion of the lower and inner part of the eye, but by
gentleness and careful graduation of the pressure this may be kept
within bounds, and oftentimes even the interior of the eye can be seen.
As a rule it is best to use the right hand for the left eye, and the
left hand for the right, the finger in each case being pressed on the
upper lid while the thumb depresses the lower one. In cases in which it
is desirable to examine the inner side of the eyelid further than is
possible by the above means, the upper lid may be drawn down by the
eyelashes with the one hand and then everted over the tip of the
forefinger of the other hand, or over a probe laid flat against the
middle of the lid. When the interior of the eye must be examined it is
useless to make the attempt in the open sunshine or under a clear sky.
The worst cases, it is true, can be seen under such circumstances, but
for the slighter forms the horse should be taken indoors, where all
light from above will be shut off