war to maintain Union and Liberty had cost a vast
treasure and sacrificed countless lives, the States that had forced
the bloody contest should agree by solemn amendment to the
Constitution that the National debt and the pension to the soldier
should be secured. Those conditions--applying to all the States alike,
to the loyal and the disloyal in the same measure--must be honorably
agreed to by the States that had gone into Disunion before they should
be permitted to resume and enjoy the blessings of Union. History and
the just judgment of mankind will vindicate the wisdom and the
righteousness of the Republican policy, and that vindication will
always carry with it the condemnation of Andrew Johnson.

The long contest over Reconstruction, so far as it involved the
re-admission of the States to representation, was practically ended.
Eight of the eleven Confederate States, at the close of June 1868,
had their senators and representatives in Congress. Three--Virginia,
Mississippi, and Texas--were prevented by self-imposed obstacles from
enjoying the same privilege until after President Johnson had retired
from office. Of the representatives on the floor of the Fortieth
Congress from the eight states lately in rebellion, only two were
Democrats. The senators were unanimously Republican. Of the aggregate
number about one-half were natives of the South. The war upon the
"Carpet-bagger" had not yet reached the era of savage atrocity, but the
indignation pervading the governing classes of the South, as they were
termed, was poured forth in unstinted measure upon the heads of all
native Southerners who consented to accept offices conferred by negro
votes. It was evident that the admission of the States to
representation was to be taken as the signal for a new contest in the
South--embittered in its character and sanguinary in its results. The
men who had been foremost in plunging their States into the vortex of
rebellion were determined to rule them--their determination being of
that type which disregards the restraint of law and considers that the
end justifies the means.

With all the advantages of old association and in numberless instances
of kindly relation with the colored race, the former masters showed
themselves singularly deficient in the tact and management necessary
to win the negroes and bind them closely to their interest, in the
new conditions which emancipation had created. Of the evil results
that f