it shrouds as the
dolphin-striker takes the purchase of the stays.

On each mast the lower yard, lower topsail-yard, and lower
topgallantsail-yard do not hoist up and down; the others do.
The "lifts" by which the yard is hung and "topped" run from the
yardarms--the ends of the yards--to the head of the mast which the
yard crosses.

From the yardarms also come the "braces," by means of which the yards
are swung so as to set the sails at the proper angle. These braces come
down to the ship's sides, or to the heads of the masts fore and aft of
those on which the yard is swung; all the mizzen-braces working on the
mainmast; the maintopgallant, mainroyal and skysail braces working on
the mizzenmast; and the foretopgallant and foreroyal braces working on
the mainmast, as is clearly shown in our illustration. The yards and
jibboom and flying-jibboom are fitted with foot-ropes for the men to
stand on.

The sails on the lower yards are the foresail, mainsail and
crossjack, or, as they are often called, fore-course, main-course and
mizzen-course--the course being the sail, just as a sheet is a rope and
not a piece of canvas. Above the courses come the lower topsails, above
them the upper topsails, above them the lower topgallant-sails, then
the upper topgallant-sails, then the royals, and, on the mainmast, the
skysail, though sometimes there are skysails to all masts, and over the
main skysail comes a "scraper" or moon-raker. On the outer edges of the
plain-sails come the studding-sails spread on booms.

[Illustration:
A FULL-RIGGED SHIP.]

In our illustration the vessel has set her fore studding-sail,
her fore-topmast studding-sail and her fore-topgallant studding-sail--
studding-sail being pronounced stu'nsail, just as topgallant-sail is
telescoped into topgantsail.

A man-of-war sets her stu'nsails abaft the sail at their side; a
merchantman sets hers "before all"--that is, in front of the adjacent
sail, as shown in our illustration.

That part of a square sail which is secured to the yard is the "head,"
the lower part is the "foot," the outer edge is the "leech," the two
lower corners are the "clews," the middle of the sail when furled is the
"bunt." The "sheet" pulls the sail out to its full extent down to the
yard below, the clewlines and buntlines bring it up under the yard for
furling.

The courses, having no yards below them, have both "tack" and "sheet,"
the tack enabling the clew of the sail to be taken for