.

1090. Hasan, Subah of Nishapur, collects a band of Carmathians who are
named after him, "Assassins."

William Rufus, King of England, invades Normandy and captures St.
Valery.

1091. Yussef conquers Seville and Almeria, sends Almoatamad to Africa,
and becomes supreme ruler in Mahometan Spain. See "DECLINE OF THE
MOORISH POWER IN SPAIN," v, 256.

1092. Guibert's party hold the castle of St. Angelo; Guibert's title to
the papacy is still asserted by Henry IV.

Complete disruption of the empire of the Seljuks follows the death of
Shah Malek.

1093. King Malcolm of Scotland invades England; he is killed near
Alnwick, by Roger de Mowbray.

1094. Sancho, King of Aragon and Navarre, falls in battle; he is
succeeded by his son Pedro.

Peter the Hermit goes on his pilgrimage to Jerusalem. See "THE FIRST
CRUSADE," v, 276.

1095. Philip and Henry again excommunicated by Pope Urban II.

Henry of Besangon marries Theresa, daughter of Alfonso the Valiant, who
erects Portugal into a county for his son-in-law.

1096. Aphdal, the Fatimite, expels the sons of Ortok from Jerusalem.

Movement of the first crusading armies; massacre of Jews in Europe. See
"THE FIRST CRUSADE," v, 276.

1097. William Rufus expels Archbishop Anselm, from England in defiance
of the papal legate.

Emperor Henry IV protects the German Jews.

Death of Albert Azzo, Marquis of Lombardy, more than 100 years old; he
was father of Guelf IV, the progenitor of the Brunswick family,
afterward one of the English royal lines.

The crusaders take Nicaea; the Eastern emperor Alexius, suspicious of
the crusaders, obtains the city of Nicasa for himself. See "THE FIRST
CRUSADE," v, 276.

1098. Edgar, son of Malcolm, seated on the throne of Scotland by Edgar
Atheling with an English army.

Pope Urban II holds a council at Bari to condemn the doctrines of the
Greek Church.

1099. Jerusalem captured by the crusaders. See "THE FIRST CRUSADE," v,
276.

Founding of the order of the Knights Hospitallers; Gerard of Jerusalem
the first provost or grand master.

Coronation of Henry V, second son of the Emperor, as king of the Romans.

1100. New antipopes arise on the death of Guibert (Clement III), one of
whom assumes the name of Sylvester IV.

William Rufus accidentally slain; Henry I becomes king of England; he
renews the laws of Edward the Confessor and unites the Saxon and Norman
races by his marriage with Matilda, granddaughter of Edmund "Ironside."